# Techniques > Practical UX techniques — card sorting, A/B testing, heuristic evaluation, affinity mapping, and hands-on methods you can apply immediately. ## Pages - [Affinity Mapping](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/affinity-mapping/) Learn how to use Affinity Mapping, a collaborative technique for organizing large amounts of qualitative data, such as brainstorming ideas or interview observations, and finding meaningful patterns. - [Card Sorting](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/card-sorting/) Learn what Card Sorting is, a fundamental UX research technique for designing an intuitive Information Architecture by understanding how your users group and categorize content. - [Chunking in UI Flows: Intelligent Fragmentation](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/ui-flow-chunking/) Learn to apply chunking in your interfaces and user flows to break information into manageable blocks, reducing cognitive load and improving success rates. - [Color Contrast Math: Readability and Ratio](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/color-contrast-math/) Learn the mathematical rules and contrast ratios required by WCAG to ensure your interface design is legible for people with low vision and color blindness. - [Competitive Analysis](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/competitive-analysis/) Discover how to conduct a Competitive Analysis (Benchmarking) to evaluate your competitors, identify market standards, and find strategic opportunities to improve your own product. - [Component API Design: Predictability and Flexibility](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/component-api-design/) Learn to design robust and consistent component APIs that facilitate handoff between design and development, reducing errors and accelerating product construction. - [Component Prop Organization: Structure and Hierarchy](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/component-props-organization/) Learn to organize and prioritize your components' properties (props) to create a more intuitive user experience for the designers and developers consuming your design system. - [Constraints and Auto Layout Logic in Figma](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/auto-layout-constraints/) Master advanced Constraints and Auto Layout logic in Figma to create responsive components and layouts that adapt perfectly to any screen size. - [Crazy 8's](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/crazy-8s/) Discover Crazy 8's, a rapid ideation exercise fundamental to Design Sprints that forces you to generate 8 design ideas in 8 minutes to explore a wide variety of solutions. - [Dot Voting](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/dot-voting/) A quick, visual voting technique that reveals team consensus without lengthy discussion—essential for prioritization workshops. - [Focus Management: Navigation without a Mouse](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/focus-management/) Learn to design and manage navigation focus in your digital product to ensure a smooth experience for keyboard users, screen readers, and assistive technology. - [Form Validation Timing: Reward and Rules](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/form-validation-timing/) Learn when the optimal moment is to validate your form data to reduce user flow interruption and improve your interfaces' conversion rate. - [Heuristic Evaluations](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/heuristic-evaluations/) Learn how to conduct a Heuristic Evaluation, a usability inspection method for identifying design problems in an interface based on recognized usability principles. - [Input Masking Dangers: Usability vs. Format](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/input-masking-dangers/) Learn why input masks can be a usability trap and discover alternative strategies to guide the user without frustrating them. - [Intrinsic Layout Decisions: Content vs. Boxes](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/intrinsic-layout-decisions/) Learn to make design decisions based on intrinsic logic to create layouts that intelligently adapt to content without relying on rigid grids. - [Layout Decisions: Grid vs. Intrinsic](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/layout-grid-vs-intrinsic/) Learn to choose between a grid-based design (Grid) and a content-based design (Intrinsic) to create fluid and modern digital layouts. - [Loading States: The Indulgent Wait in UX](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/loading-states/) Learn to design loading states that reduce user anxiety, communicate system progress, and improve the perceived speed of your digital product. - [Optimistic Updates and Rollback UX](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/optimistic-updates-rollback/) Learn to design optimistic updates so your application feels instantaneous to the user, and how to manage network failures with elegant rollback experiences. - [Quantitative Data](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/quantitative-data/) Understand what Quantitative Data is in UX and how it differs from qualitative data. Learn how to use metrics to measure user behavior at scale. - [Responsive Scaling Strategies: Liquid UI](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/responsive-scaling-strategies/) Learn to choose and apply different responsive scaling strategies so your components and layouts adapt fluidly to any screen size. - [Safeguards for Destructive Actions: Positive Friction](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/destructive-action-safeguards/) Learn to design safeguards and intentional friction mechanisms to prevent your users from accidentally performing irreversible actions in your digital product. - [Screen Reader Testing: The Ear of UX](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/screen-reader-testing/) Learn to effectively perform screen reader testing to verify that your design and information architecture are accessible to blind or visually impaired users. - [Token Aliasing and Inheritance Strategy](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/token-aliasing-inheritance/) Learn to implement a design token aliasing and inheritance strategy to create highly flexible, maintainable systems prepared for multiple themes. - [Tree Testing](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/tree-testing/) Tree Testing is a UX research technique that measures the findability of topics in a site's information architecture. Users locate items in a text-only hierarchy, without the influence of visual design or navigation. - [Usability Testing](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/usability-testing/) Discover Usability Testing, a fundamental research technique for evaluating the ease of use of your product by observing real users as they attempt to complete tasks. - [User Interviews](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/user-interviews/) Master the art of User Interviews, an essential qualitative research technique for gaining a deep understanding of your users' needs, behaviors, and motivations. - [Variant Explosion Control (Wrangling Systems)](https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/variant-explosion-control/) Learn to optimize and simplify your Figma component architecture to avoid unmanageable variant explosions and improve the performance of your design files. --- Source: https://www.fernandoux.com/en/wiki/techniques/